CCT333+Labs

=__ Lab #3 __= //**1. Describe the benefits of microfinancing according to 'Can the Cellphone Help End Global Poverty' at **// //**[] (200 words) **//

The benefits of micro __financing__ are made evident through the article "can the cell __phone__ help end global poverty'. Within the article, it is concluded that for every additional 10 mobile phones per 100 people, a country’s GDP rises 0.5 percent. This is for reasons like a fisherman being able to find perspective buyers before even making it back to shore. With the use of a cell phone, those in developing countries have the ability for economic growth through commerce. This is more cost effective than donating aid __money__ into developing countries because the cellphones in the hands of a fisherman or an entrepreneur allows for economic development and opportunity as oppose to aid money trickled down with no room for growth. Instead of receiving aid money and having little say of where its being invested the ownership of a cellphone allows for individuals to feel empowered and allows for their own platform. Also, in Uganda, the use of cellphones is beneficial as a way of transferring money from place to place. This is extremely crucial because many individuals do not have __access__ to __banks__ since they live in rural areas. The cellphone also transforms as an ATM for those who are unable to __access__ funds the traditional way and makes it much more convenient.


 * //2. “It’s really quite striking,” Hammond says. “What people are voting for with their pocketbooks, as soon as they have more __money__ and even before their basic needs are met, is telecommunications.” (World Resources Institute) //**
 * //In the spirit of this quote, describe four instances of how owning a cellphone enables users to better their lives. (4 paragraphs/ one for each instance) //**

**Personal Safety and the Safety of Others- ** A cellphone is an essential and reliable tool for an individual’s safety. If the cellphone owner’s car breaks down and they are stranded on the side of the road or they are in need of some assistance, all they would need to do is dial a number to receive the help they need. Also, someone with a cell __phone__ can __call__ __for help__ for an individual who may be in dire need of it and is unable to do so themselves(i.e. report an assault or a car accident). Even within some school systems, during emergencies students are sent a text warning them about the situation or events that are unfolding as a form of warning. In a matter of life or death, having a cell phone can ultimately save your life and the life of others. It is more than just a cell phone; it is a vital tool that enables a person’s well-being at the most unexpected moments.

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**Accessibility: ** Perhaps one of the most favored uses of a cell phone is being able to communicate with others 24 hours a day and 7 days of the week. We all make plans with people we intend to meet up with but sometimes life gets in the way. You may have misses your bus, traffic is hectic or you didn’t hear your alarm clock and you accidently overslept. For reasons such as those, a cell phone is helpful because you can just give your friend a ring or shoot them a text and let them know your situation. A cell phone not only allows you to directly communicate in case something comes up, but it allows individuals in this situation to use their time more efficiently(i.e. the friend who arrived early may be able to run some errands beforehand given the late notice). A cellphone is your own direct line and allows you to be always accessible to those around you. =====

==== **Authorization** – Owning a cellphone give you a sense of authority. It is your own personal device that you have control over. Whether you use it to make personal calls, business calls, or to use as a planner, it is your own personal choice. For example, in developing countries, fishermen use cell phones as a way to scope out potential buyers with the hopes of accumulating their profits. Instead of going through the market place and going through a third party, they take a more authoritative role and take matters into their own hands with the help of their cell phone. Owning a cellphone is allows you to be your own person and in developing countries, it is definitely a form of empowerment. ====

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 * Business Tool- **Nowadays, most individuals do not leave their work on their desk when the work day is over. Depending on your career, you may need to be reachable at all times. A cell phone is crucial device for those in these types of situations. For example, a real estate agent is always on the go showing houses to potential buyers or talking to those interested in selling. Although they have an office, they are constantly on the go which is why a cell phone is a practical and smart device for them. If they did not own one, they may lose out on sales which can be damaging to their career. It is an essential business tool because those in certain careers need to be available to their clients and a cell phone helps them maintain a better working relationship with their clients. =====

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//**Analyze the information architecture of the "Story of Stuff" web site, and describe how it has been designed to maximize its content as a teaching tool to deliver complex information. (2 paragraphs)** //=====

The “Story of Stuff” website and video has been designed in a way to maximize its content as a __teaching__ tool to deliver complex information through its interactive and engaging methods. The 20 minute video is narrated by Annie Leonard and she discusses our waste economy and our consumer driven culture’s daunting effect on our planet and its proposed future. Within the course of the 20 minutes, she is able to provide details on a very complex problem in a detailed and comprehensive way that is informative and very easy to understand for the average person. Because if it’s simplistic and thorough methods, this video can be viewed and comprehended by individuals of almost any age. Also, her use of different symbols and imagery to tell a story helps to engage the viewer of her message. For example, when she discusses the idea of perceived obsolescence and then gives an example using the imagery of the sleek computer model vs the older bulkier computer models, I understood the point she was trying to convey much more because I was not only given a definition, but a contemporary example that I can personally relate to.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The website also is designed to maximize its content as a teaching tool with its formatting and organized breakdown of each process within the material economy. Only the most important facts are used to get the point across and it is not overly complicated, which is favourable because the viewer does not become discouraged when reading the information that is displayed. Overall, the website and video is a great teaching tool because of its collaborative approach. We are often given a lot of different content to process every day and it often becomes hard to truly absorb these messages. The Story of Stuff however, is formatted in a way that the viewer will actually internalize the content, not completely dismiss it.

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Describe each stage of the material economy. (6 paragraphs/one stage each paragraph)** //
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Extraction ** is a word used to describe how we exploit our natural resources. In order to make the products that the consumers purchase, we chop down trees, mine, blow up mountains, endanger animals and basically trash the planet in order to find natural resources such as metal etc. The United States, for example, only has “5% of the world’s population but we’re consuming 30% of the world’s resources”’. Since they overused their own natural resources, they have moved onto exploiting third world countries for their resources. Since those people living in those countries do not contribute to the consumer culture, they have no value and therefore do not own these resources. Because of extraction, 80% of the planet’s original forests are gone.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">After the natural resources are extracted, the materials that are taken moved into the **production** phase. In this process, toxic chemicals are mixed in with “natural resources to make contaminated products”. Only a few of these chemicals have been tested for human health impacts and none of them have been tested for synergistic health impacts. Yet, ‘’there are 100,000 synthetic chemicals in commerce today’’. These toxics are being put into our system on a daily basis and are polluting our air, our bodies, and even young babies when mother’s breast feed. For example, brominated flame retardants(BFRS) is a chemical that makes things fireproof and are toxic to the brain but yet are found in our couches, mattresses, computers, appliances and other daily products we use. Unfortunately, those most affected by these toxics are the factory workers who have no other employment opportunities and are often left with no choice. Women who are at the procreative age, are highly exposed to these toxic chemicals because the corrosion of local environments and economies in those areas ensure a constant supply of people with no other option. Producing these products cause a lot of pollution, 4 billon pounds of toxic chemicals a year worth by the US alone.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** Distribution ** consists of selling these toxic contaminated products as quickly as possible to the consumers. Prices are kept down and for this reason; people will continue to buy these products and products will continue to fly off the shelf which then keeps the process going. The reason why prices can be kept so low is due to costs being externalized. Consumers are not really paying for these products but others are indeed picking up the tab. Those in developing countries pay the true price by losing their natural resources, loss of clean air(which increases cancer and asthma rates) young children sacrifice their school to help mine and find these natural resources for the products and at the end of the day, they are not even paid a decent amount. Their healthcare is even paid out of their own pockets so that our price can be as low as possible. Overall, individuals are being exploited by companies so that consumers will continue to buy these products for the lowest possible price.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">The **consumption** stage is the heart of the whole system. Our individual value is measured and demonstrated is by how much we contribute to this system. In other words, our worth is determined by how much we buy. In the course of six months, 99 percent of the stuff we buy is trashed within 6 months. In the US, the average consumer consumes twice as much as they did 50 years ago. This is because large companies that produce these products strategize and design these products to become useless as soon as possible so the consumer will be convinced to buy new things. This is referred to as planned obsolescence. Those who create the products come up with a reasonable amount of time to make stuff break so that the consumer will still have enough faith in the product to go buy another one. However, when products do not break in a decent amount of time, perceived obsolescence will be the secondary strategy to convince the consumer to go buy the newer item even if theirs is perfectly fine. They do this by changing the look of items every few years. For example, a regular box television vs. a sleek, flat screen television. Even if your box television is perfectly fine, chances are you will eventually purchase a flat screen television because yours now seems outdated and old. In the US, individuals are targeted by 3,000 advertisements a day which makes it hard to avoid these things. People work harder to consume products they think they need because we’ve become a consumer society controlled by the economy.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">When we are done with the products we consume, we must **dispose** of them. Due to the material economy, each consumer in the United States makes 4 1/2 pounds of garbage a day. This number is twice what each consumer made thirty years ago. In order to get rid of this garbage, it either gets burned in an incinerator and then dumped in a landfill or just dumped in a landfill. Regardless of how we dispose of the garbage, our air, land, and water still gets polluted. The toxic chemicals that were used to make those products we consume get released into the air. By burning the garbage with an incinerator, a new toxic chemical called Dioxin is made which is the “most toxic man made substance known to science’’. This could be stopped if companies decide to stop burning the garbage. Also, although recycling helps, it is simply not enough to deal with the consequences of consumption. Even if it were possible to recycle 100 percent of the waste be produce, it would not deal with the core issue because we simply consume too much. Also, much of the garbage we create cannot be recycled because it contains too many toxins or they are not designed to be recyclable. Due to this universal and escalating problem, involvement is needed to help put an end to this and salvage our planet.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The final stage of the material economy is finding **another way.** The previous five steps of the process have demonstrated the damage that we are causing not only ourselves but our planet due to our excessive consumerism. In order to change this, we must change our old way of thinking and become more innovative thinkers. This stage promotes a new school of thinking on based on sustainability and equity. Some examples of this new way of living aregreen chemistry, zero waste, and renewable energy. In order to preserve what we have left, we must change the way we live our lives. The over consuming, toxic producing lifestyle was created by people which means another way can be created as well.

=**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Lab 6 __**=

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow located at [] and on the article at **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">[] and describe how these principles could be applied to make a company more efficient in its design processes. (3 paragraphs, 200 words) **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Due to over consumption and the ever growing ecological footprints that businesses are leaving, new strategies need to be implemented in order to sustain our earth and its remaining resources. Biomimicry is a strategy and practice that is inspired by nature. It uses nature as its guide and instead of violating nature’s resources, biomimicry believes in ‘’the importance of living in harmony with nature.’’

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">The principles of biomimicry can be used to make companies much more efficient in their design processes. Companies can be more sustainable by using free energy, using life friendly materials and processes as well as building from the bottom up. With using nature inspired strategies, biomimicry can help companies study the successful strategies of the survivors, so they can perform well and be successful in the marketplace. This method also helps to save energy as well as cut material costs by studying the shapes of nature’s strategies and how they are built. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Biomimicry also helps to redefine and eliminate waste by organizing their habitat flows more similarly to nature’ and seeing how nature transitions materials and nutrients within its habitat. This will help companies to learn how to use the resources as well as how to utilize waste by selling it to companies who desire it as a feed stock. By utilizing the biomimetric principles, companies not only save energy, reduce their ecological footprint and potentially save money by cutting material costs, but they can also help to redefine categories and industries into something different and innovative.

=**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 22px;">Lab 7 __**=


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe how Bill Moggridge defines 'design as a collaborative process'. (3 paragraphs) **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bill Moggridge defines ‘design as a collaborative process' as a design method which requires designers from different backgrounds and degrees of knowledge to collaborate within the design process. Bill Moggridge believes that being collaborative is an important step to designing because in order for a design to succeed, our focus should not only be the physical attributes of the design; it should also involve different point of views from different designers. Design is only effective when the designer includes others within the design as well as the users the product is being designed for.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">In Bill Moggridge’s definition, he believes that with the usage of a collaborative design group, each member will provide different insights and ideas. Working in a team setting is also beneficial because team members will eventually develop close relationships with one another making them more comfortable working in a group like atmosphere as well as feeding off one another’s ideas. Another aspect in which he prioritizes is collaborative design of interdisciplinary design. This involves using the skills and certain traits from different fields of study and using them within your design process. Tackling an issue or a design method is much more efficient within a collaborative group than on your own because of the difference of opinions and the different skills and qualities possessed by each team member. Ideas can be bounced off one another, and you may create ideas you may have not thought of on your own if another designer had not implanted the seed. Moving forward as a shared mind and brainstorming collectively with people for people rather than on your own, is much more effectual and resourceful.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another aspect that he discusses is participatory design with the future users of the potential design. In other words, including those individuals who will use the design in the real world. He uses the example of the making of surgery tools. He believes that but including surgeons within the design making process of the potential tools, the design will become more operative and effective. This is mainly due to the fact that surgeons will be the ones actually utilizing the equipment in their field of work, so they will know whether the design process is on the right track or if it is a practical tool for them to use. Bill Moggridge also gives another example of collaborative design using America Red Cross. As a way to encourage others to give more blood in order to help those in need, ARC has developed a system where donors can share their photos, discuss their experiences, and supportive comments about why they decided to donate blood. When others read this, they may become sympathetic and it may encourage them to consider being a part <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">of this good cause.


 * //<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">How does Tangible Earth represents a real time interface of data visualization? (2 paragraphs) //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tangible earth is a real time interface of data visualization because of its amazing capabilities. With the combination of technological digitations, the tangible earth allows you to visualize every place on ourplanet. With just a simple touch, you are able to rotate it in any direction allowing you to view any place around the world. Equipped with a high-resolution projector that projects three-dimensional satellite images, every continent is examined and photographed. Those tools allow observers of the tangible earth to use a magnifying glass pointer to observe any region of the planet, [|search] through local information and further examine areas through existing photographs of the area.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tangible earth also has real time aspects of the planet. With the use of satellite and internet, we are able to see real-time simulation of weather patterns, daylight cycles, ocean currents, climate hazards and sudden changes in temperature. This is a highly beneficial tool because it can be used to predict future weather patterns, which can help during natural disasters, as well as visually display the negative impact that global warming is having on our planet. Tangible earth is an effective tool because it allows people to learn via visualization and interaction. It not only allows us to view the entire planet in a very lifelike way,but also sheds light visually on problems such as global warming with just the touch of your fingertips.

=**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 22px;">Lab 9 __**= //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">1. According to this chapter, discuss the importance of the progression from qualitative, generative research to evaluative research as part of their design challenge as part of the Hear: Goals system process. (200 words). **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> The use of qualitative research techniques in order to gather information as well as become inspired with possible design ideas is crucial to the process because it helps ngOs to not only understand the problems they wish to tackle, but the individuals they also wish to help. Using methods such as individual interviewing, group interviews, in context immersion, self-documentation, community-driven discovery as well as others are used to enable a deep and rich view into the behaviors, reasoning, and the lives of people. In order for people to be comfortable in confiding in ngOs, they must take every measure into account. For example, wearing branded ngO clothing might unintentionally send a message of separation amongst them and the participants of the research. In order to lessen the barriers and the common misconceptions of benefactor/researcher and recipient/participant, ngOs must make it seem as though they are no different than the participants. This means visiting participants where they live, work, and socialize and not only engaging in their lifestyle, but becoming a part of it. By doing so, you may develop new insights and unexpected opportunities to help you solve certain problems. Overall, qualitative research is vital to the development because you get the proper insight and gain empathy for others which helps you to fully tackle the core issues and design challenges.

//**<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">2. Explain why inclusivity of constituents in the Design Challenge is so important, and why the handbook states that recruiting appropriate and inspirational participants is critical, including "extremes". What is their recommended proportion for constituents? (Note that IDEO uses the word "constituents" instead of "stakeholders".) (200 words) **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> The inclusivity of constituents in the design challenge is important because it provides accuracy and a better understanding of the entire population. By having a representation of extremes, it may inspire new opportunities and ideas from constituents on different ends of the spectrums going through different issues due to their financial situations. The recommended proportion for constituents includes: one-third of participants being the ideal constituents, who are successful, adopt new technologies quickly, and/or exhibit desirable behaviors. “One-third of participants should be on the opposite extreme: those who are very poor, resistant to new technologies, and/or exhibit problematic behaviors while the final one-third of participants should be somewhere in between. Including all of these constituents is vital to the design challenge because they all are somehow affected by it. For example, the participants who are financially burdened may experience the most struggles and therefore can represent the main ones affected by the problem while the ideal constituents have the resources and power to possibly help make a change. Those described are average, can be seen as the middle ground. The importance of including all individuals from all ends of the spectrums is significant because it will help to recognize the differences as well as similarities of these people which will help in the design challenge and later phases.

=**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 22px;">Lab 10 __**= = //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1. Write three paragraphs to define the term 'ergonomics'. (3 paragraphs) // = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ergonomics means the science of work and is a study of creating tools and equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its mental abilities. Derived from two Greek words, "ergon," meaning work, and "nomoi," meaning natural laws, those who study ergonomics attempt to study work environments, how it’s done and think of ways to make that process better. When a worker’s environment is comfortable and efficient, that worker can be more productive. Another important factor of ergonomics is garnering the health of those it’s hoping to help. When a worker is doing physically demanding jobs that can easily exhaust the body for countless hours in the day, that not only takes a toll on their health but the efficiency of their work. If they continue to do such strenuous work, there lifespan at that certain job will not be as long as it can possibly be. Even within office jobs, sitting in uncomfortable chairs or not being able to adjust the computer to your preferred position puts strain on the worker. For these reasons, ergonomists study these work environments in hopes to produce and conjure up possible solutions and designs to make work better.

<span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">In the video entitled “Human Scale Ergonomics”, two scenarios are shown within an office environment where one worker is surrounded in an uncomfortable work space and the other is in an ergonomic friendly workspace. This video depicts just how much of an impact certain aspects have on an individual and their work productivity. The first issue discussed in the video is comfort and stability. Worker one has a standard office chair that does not seem to fit his needs. Therefore, he is uncomfortable. Worker two however, uses a liberty chair, which is comfortable and fitting for all his potential needs. The second ergonomic issue shows incorrect height and depth, which depicts the computer monitor of worker one. Worker number two does not have this issue because he has the m7 monitor arm that allows him to adjust the computer monitor to the height and depth he would like. The third issue discussed is the lighting of the room. Worker one has lamps that are too bright, while worker number two has an adjustable lamp that only sheds light where he sees fit. The fourth issue discusses the freedom of movement, which worker one does not have. Worker two has a “freedom chair”, which is equipped with an arm rest, adjustable for leaning back, and a head rest. Issue number five is something that many of us can relate to and that is prolonged laptop use. When you use your laptop for long periods of time, you can become uncomfortable; your neck begins to ache etc. Worker one is seen going through all of this. Worker number two however, has a l2 laptop holder, which allows him to place his laptop in a holder, making it easier for him to continue working. The final issue shown in the video is useable space desk, which worker one does not have. Worker number two has <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13px;"> the access rail, which <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">suit all his needs due to extra compartments and storage room.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">At the end, this video is supposed to help depict the little corrections that can be made to help work days go smoother and comfortable, allowing workers to be more productive. Even though they may be just small adjustments, they make a huge difference. Similar to this video, Frank Gilbreth also studied ergonomics, in hopes to make bricklaying efficient and also safer for the workers. His wanted to make work environments an overall better atmosphere, in hopes to improve health and productivity, for the reasons previously stated. Overall, ergonomics is important in design not only because it focuses on how to make workers more productive, but the well-being of their bodies and mind.

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.What is the 'Gilbreth system of motion analysis' (1 paragraph) **// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Frank Gilbreth’s system of motion analysis was first created when he was observing the world’s oldest mechanical trade, bricklaying. While workers were laying down bricks, he noticed that there was not an official method followed by workers. Also, there was a lot of unnecessary walking, reaching and excessive stooping done by the workers. His goal was to find both an efficient and safer method that would not only be beneficial to these workers and their health, but to the overall completion of the job. The main fault in their methods that Gilbreth found was the unnecessary stooping. Workers, usually bigger in size, would have to stoop twice, which was fatiguing and time consuming. Also, he felt it was the most unprofessional method within the process. As a result of this, Gilbreth created an on-stooping scaffold platform in a one motion grasp packet, which used a lifting jack to raise the whole scaffold for workers that was both close to the wall and at a proper height. By using Gilbreth’s system of motion analysis, the number of bricks laid per hour increased from 125 to 350, which increased productivity by 200 percent. By eliminating the most tiring part of the job, which was stooping, workers were more productive and their methods improved greatly.

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.How was Henry Ford influenced by the efficiency expert, Frederick Taylor? **// <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Henry Ford was heavily influenced by the efficiency expert Frederick Taylor. In a time where workers who worked for motor companies assembled cars slowly and carefully by their own hands, Fords wanted to completely change this process. This was due to the fact that the method that was used took several weeks to complete and as a result, cars were extremely expensive and not everyone could afford them. For this reason, Henry Ford wanted to completely change the mechanism of how cars were created. He wanted to produce a car that was simple and affordable for everyone. In order to produce cars cheaply and quickly, he had to change the way cars were built and the way his workers worked. As a result, he gained insight from Fredrick Taylor, who was an expert in efficiency and completion.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">By bringing in Taylor, Ford was able to develop methods in working more quickly. Approaches Taylor used were dividing workers in to working in repetitive steps and noting every moment. By doing so, he would be able to analyze how to make them work faster. Also, instead of workers being very skilled craftsmen, they wanted workers who could learn very quickly and just get the task done as appose to spending a lot of time on perfection. For example, a trained wheelwright was no longer in charge of wheel making; instead, wheel making was now broken down into 100 different steps and done by 100 different people and countless machines. As a result, Henry Ford’s mass production of vehicles led to low costs which as a result, led to doubling wages of workers. Not only was Ford making large profits and producing cars at an efficient rate, but he was also paying workers very well. Because of this, other companies adopted this style of production making Fredrick Taylor’s influence on Ford to be a successful one.

//**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4. What are the four basic principles of McDonaldization? (List of 4) **//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sociologist George Ritzer came up with the four main principles of //**McDonaldization**// which consists of:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**Efficiency**: Efficiency describes how people are drawn and have a liking for speed or quick service. McDonalds is a prime example of this because they are trained to deliver food in a quick and efficient manner. They are often penalized or documented when the task is not completed in am minimal amount of time.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**Predictabilit**y: this refers to the idea that all products are the same and the produced by the same formula no matter where it is produced. For example, whether I go to a McDonalds in Canada or Germany, I will receive the same service because they all have the same formula and routine.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">** [|Calculability] **: this refers to the notion that quantity equals quality. Since McDonald’s service is so fast and the price is reasonable, people tend to overlook the fact that the food is not very good. In other words, since the food is delivered to the customer in a short amount of time and often in large quantities, it is the same as a high quality product.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**Control:** control refers to the idea of standardization and uniform found within McDonalds restaurants.